Women’s History Month Part 7: Norma Merrick Sklarek: She Built the Buildings. The Industry Kept Her Name Off Them – Footnotes
Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. Norma Merrick Sklarek Papers, 1926–2012. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://sova.si.edu/record/nmaahc.a2018.23. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation. Pioneering Women of American Architecture: Norma Merrick Sklarek. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek. Docomomo US. Norma Merrick Sklarek: Architect Profile and Contributions to Modernism. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://docomomo-us.org/designer/norma-merrick-sklarek. BUILD LLC. “Norma Merrick Sklarek.” BUILD Blog, June 2020. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://blog.buildllc.com/2020/06/norma-merrick-sklarek. Columbia Magazine. “How Norma Merrick Sklarek Paved the Way for Black Women Architects.” Columbia University. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/how-norma-merrick-sklarek-paved-way-black-women-architects. PIN–UP Magazine. “Norma Merrick Sklarek: Architecture and Attribution.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/article-norma-merrick-sklarek. BlackPast.org. “Norma Merrick Sklarek (1928–2012).” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/sklarek-norma-merrick-1928-2012. Perot Museum of Nature and Science. “Norma Merrick Sklarek: STEM Leaders Series.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://perotmuseum.org/events/children-and-families/stemleaders/norma-merrick-sklarek. Pikark. “Norma Merrick Sklarek Architectural Projects and Career Overview.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://pikark.com/en/listing/norma-merrick-sklarek. RTF | Rethinking The Future. “Norma Merrick Sklarek: Projects and Legacy in Architecture.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://re-thinkingthefuture.com.
Women’s History Month Part 6: Wangari Mathai: The Woman Who Planted Trees and Empowered a Nation – Footnotes
Anderson, David M. “Trees, Politics, and Nationalism: The Green Belt Movement in Kenya.” African Affairs 101, no. 404 (2002): 531–552. BBC News. “Wangari Maathai Profile.” September 26, 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12303852. Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Wangari Maathai.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wangari-Maathai. Green Belt Movement. “History of the Green Belt Movement.” https://www.greenbeltmovement.org. Maathai, Wangari. The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience. New York: Lantern Books, 2004. Maathai, Wangari. Unbowed: A Memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Mutua, Makau. “Wangari Maathai: Visionary Environmental Leader.” Harvard International Review 27, no. 4 (2006): 56–59. National Geographic. “Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement.” https://www.nationalgeographic.com. Nobel Prize. “Wangari Maathai – Biographical.” https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/maathai/biographical/. PBS. “Wangari Maathai: Taking Root.” https://www.pbs.org. The Guardian. “Wangari Maathai Obituary.” September 26, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com. The New York Times. “Wangari Maathai, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 71.” September 25, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com. Time Magazine. “Heroes of the Environment: Wangari Maathai.” https://time.com. United Nations. “Africa Renewal: Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement.” https://www.un.org. United Nations Environment Programme. “Wangari Maathai and Environmental Leadership.” https://www.unep.org. World Bank. “Community-Based Environmental Sustainability in Kenya.” https://www.worldbank.org. Kenya National Archives. “Public Records on Wangari Maathai and Environmental Policy.” Government of Kenya.
Women’s History Month Part 2: Lisa Rice: The Woman Who Has Been Dismantling Redlining One Case at a Time – Footnotes
NerdWallet. “The Black Homeownership Gap: Lisa Rice on Systemic Barriers.” NerdWallet, Inc. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nerdwallet.com/article/mortgages/the-black-homeownership-gap-lisa-rice. HAR.com. “The Black Homeownership Gap: A Fair Housing Leader’s Solutions.” Houston Association of Realtors. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://har.com/blog_91680_the-black-homeownership-gap-a-fair-housing-leaders-solutions. Justice For All Campaign. “Access to Justice Awards: Lisa Rice Keynote Speaker Profile.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://justiceforallcampaign.org/access-to-justice-awards/rice-keynotespeaker. Brookings Institution. “Lisa Rice: Housing Policy Expert Profile.” Brookings Institution. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://brookings.edu/people/lisa-rice. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “Lisa Rice Named President and CEO.” March 19, 2018. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/2018/03/19. C-SPAN. “Lisa Rice Biography and Public Appearances.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://c-span.org/person/lisa-rice/9266561. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “Lisa Rice — Official Biography.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/team-member/lisa-rice. United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Testimony of Lisa Rice. April 13, 2021. Accessed March 17, 2026. https://banking.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Rice%20Testimony%204-13-21.pdf. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “Black Homeownership Collaborative Announcement.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/housing-and-civil-rights-leaders-announce-national-initiative. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “NFHA Reaches Historic Settlement with Fannie Mae.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/nfha-reaches-historic-settlement-with-fannie-mae. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “NFHA and Redfin Agree to Settlement.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/national-fair-housing-alliance-and-redfin-agree-to-settlement. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “Lawsuit Alleging Racial Discrimination by Bank of America.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/lawsuit-alleging-racial-discrimination-by-bank-of-america. United States Senate (Office of Senator Charles Schumer). “Fair Housing and Lending Testimony Records.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://schumer.senate.gov. National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “Lisa Rice Congressional Testimony on AI and Housing Equity.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://nationalfairhousing.org/lisa-rice-president-and-ceo-of-the-national-fair-housing-alliance. Black Voices for Black Justice Fund. “Lisa Rice Awardee Profile.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://blackvoices.org/awardees/lisa-rice. United States Mortgage Insurers (USMI). “Celebrating Black History Month: Lisa Rice Q&A.” Accessed March 17, 2026. https://usmi.org/celebrating-black-history-month.
Women’s History Month Part 2: Graça Machel: A Lifelong Advocate for Children, Education, and Social Progress – Footnotes
Graça Machel. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel Graça Machel | Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/about-us/prize-committee/graca-machel About Us – Graça Machel Trust. GraçaMachelTrust.org. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://gracamacheltrust.org/about-us/ Graça Machel. UN Office for Partnerships. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://unpartnerships.un.org/graca-machel (UN Office for Partnerships) The Graça Machel Trust – Official Work. GraçaMachelTrust.org. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://gracamacheltrust.org/ UNHCR gives Graca Machel award. UPI Archives. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/10/17/UNHCR-gives-Graca-Machel-award/3266813902400/ Graça Machel Receives DVF Lifetime Leadership Award. Africa‑Press.net. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://www.africa-press.net/mozambique/all-news/graca-machel-receives-dvf-lifetime-leadership-award/ Graça Machel Among Child Well‑Being Champions. World Vision Mozambique. Retrieved March 14, 2026 from https://www.wvi.org/publications/brochure/mozambique/graca-machel-among-12-honored-world-vision-mozambiques-child-well
Black History Month Part 10: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent Of Black America: The Celebration and the Reckoning – Footnotes
Mbiti, John S. African Religions and Philosophy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. On ancestor presence doctrine and the nature of personhood across West and Central African traditions. Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage, 1984. On the Bakongo dikenga cosmogram and its transmission to the Americas, pp. 103–159. Lovell, John, Jr. Black Song: The Forge and the Flame. New York: Macmillan, 1972. On the multiple operational frequencies of the spirituals — theological, navigational, and cosmological. Thurman, Howard. Jesus and the Disinherited. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1949. Reprint: Beacon Press, 1996. Accumulated unpaid labor estimates: Darity, William A., Jr., and A. Kirsten Mullen. From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. On constitutional and policy accountability: see citations from Parts Five through Eight of this series. Lewis, David Levering. When Harlem Was in Vogue. New York: Knopf, 1981. On the historical context of the Harlem Renaissance and its principal figures. Wells-Barnett, Ida B. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. New York: New York Age Print, 1892. On the contemporary parallel: see Part Nine citations 14–16 of this series. Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Church in America. New York: Schocken Books, 1963. On the Black church as complete institution. Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality. New York: Knopf, 1975. On the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and the long arc of the legal strategy. Woodson, Carter G. The Mis-Education of the Negro. Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1933. On the obligation of active memory cultivation across generations.
Black History Month Part 8: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent Of Black America: Old America – Footnotes
John Ehrlichman, interview with Dan Baum, 1994. Published: Baum, Dan. “Legalize It All.” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016. Nixon, Richard M. “Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control.” June 17, 1971. The American Presidency Project, University of California Santa Barbara. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-drug-abuse-prevention-and-control Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-570, 100 Stat. 3207 (1986). Crack-cocaine sentencing disparity provisions, 21 U.S.C. § 841. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796 (1994). Morrison, Toni. “Comment: Clinton as the First Black President.” The New Yorker, October 5, 1998. Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372 (2010). Reduced crack-to-powder cocaine sentencing ratio from 100:1 to 18:1. Bell, Derrick A. “Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma.” Harvard Law Review 93, no. 3 (1980): 518–533. Kindleberger, Charles P. A Financial History of Western Europe. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984. WWI bank loans and U.S. financial exposure. Beschloss, Michael. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002. MS St. Louis and refugee policy. Power, Samantha. “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 2002. Rwanda and State Department language policy, pp. 329–389. Human Rights Watch. “Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan.” April 2004. U.S. genocide designation: Secretary of State Colin Powell, Senate Foreign Relations Committee testimony, September 9, 2004. Executive Order 14148, “Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions,” January 20, 2025. Federal Register, Vol. 90. Executive Order 14151, “Ending Radical and Wasteful Government DEI Programs and Preferencing,” January 20, 2025. Federal Register 90 FR 8339 (January 29, 2025). Executive Order 14173, “Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity,” January 21, 2025. Federal Register, Vol. 90. Executive Order 14168, “Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government,” January 20, 2025. Federal Register 90 FR 8615 (January 30, 2025). Office of Personnel Management. “Initial Guidance Regarding DEIA Executive Orders.” Memorandum from Acting Director Charles Ezell, January 21, 2025. Bondi, Pam. Memorandum to DOJ Employees. “Eliminating DEI and DEIA Discrimination and Preferences.” February 5, 2025. U.S. Department of Justice. Young, William G. Ruling in National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education v. Trump. U.S. District Court. June 2025. Reported by Reuters and The Washington Post.
Black History Month Part 7: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: We Thrived Anyway – Footnotes
1 U.S. Census Bureau. “America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2024.” Table H-7: Homeownership Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2024. 2 National Association of Realtors (NAR). “2025 State of the Nation’s Housing Report.” Washington, DC: NAR, 2025. 3 National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA). “Fair Housing Trends Report 2024.” Washington, DC: NFHA, 2024. 4 Selig Center for Economic Growth. “The Multicultural Economy 2024.” Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 2024. 5 McKinsey & Company. “The Economic State of Black America: What Is and What Could Be.” New York: McKinsey Global Institute, 2021. 6 U.S. Census Bureau. “Annual Business Survey: 2022.” Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022. 7 Fortune Magazine. “Meet the 10 Black Fortune 500 CEOs.” Fortune, February 9, 2026. 8 Forbes. “The Forbes World’s Billionaires List.” New York: Forbes Media, 2025. 9 Oprah Winfrey Charitable Foundation. “OWLAG: A Legacy of Leadership.” Johannesburg, 2022. 10 Student Freedom Initiative. “Smith Philanthropy Portfolio.” Washington, DC: SFI, 2024. 11 U.S. Census Bureau. “Educational Attainment in the United States: 2024.” Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2024. 12 Pew Research Center. “Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Their Role in Producing Black Graduates.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2021. 13 Kennedy, Randall. Cited in PBS Frontline: “Clarence and Ginni Thomas: Politics, Power and the Supreme Court.” Arlington, VA: PBS, 2023. 14 Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. “Black Elected Officials: A National Roster.” Washington, DC: Joint Center, 2024. 15 U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. “Prisons Report Series: Preliminary Data Release.” Washington, DC: BJS, 2023. (Yearend 2022 data.) 16 U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. “Jails Report Series: 2024 Preliminary Data Release.” Washington, DC: BJS, 2024. 17 U.S. Census Bureau. “Poverty in the United States: 2024.” Current Population Reports, P60-287. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2025. 18 HUD Office of Community Planning and Development. “The 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Part 1.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, December 2024. 19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCHS. “Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2023–2024.” NCHS Data Brief No. 549. Hyattsville, MD: CDC, 2025. 20 LoBianco, Tom. “Report: Aide says Nixon’s war on drugs targeted Blacks, antiwar left.” CNN, March 23, 2016. (John Ehrlichman on-record statement.) 21 The Sentencing Project. “Report of The Sentencing Project to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism.” Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project, 2018. 22 Ariel Investments. “About Ariel Investments.” Chicago: Ariel Investments, LLC, 2024. 23 ActOne Group. “Company Overview.” Calabasas, CA: ActOne Group, 2024. 24 Urban One / Radio One. “Company History and Milestones.” Silver Spring, MD: Urban One, Inc., 2024. 25 World Wide Technology. “WWT 2024 Annual Report.” St. Louis: World Wide Technology Holding Co., LLC, 2024.
Black History Month Part 6: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: The Architecture of Exclusion – Footnotes
Federal Housing Administration, Underwriting Manual (Washington: FHA, 1938), Part II, Section 9, paragraph 937. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/Federal-Housing-Administration-Underwriting-Manual.pdf HMDA Annual Data. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/hmda/ CRA Examination Reports. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. https://www.ffiec.gov/cra/ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Survey of Consumer Finances, 2022. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf23.pdf Debbie Gruenstein Bocian et al., Foreclosures by Race and Ethnicity (Durham: Center for Responsible Lending, 2010). https://www.responsiblelending.org/mortgage-lending/research-analysis/foreclosures-by-race-and-ethnicity.pdf Andre Perry et al., ‘The Devaluation of Assets in Black Neighborhoods,’ Brookings Institution, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/research/devaluation-of-assets-in-black-neighborhoods/ Ann Choi et al., ‘Long Island Divided,’ Newsday, November 17, 2019. https://projects.newsday.com/long-island/real-estate-agents-investigation/ Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law (New York: Liveright, 2017), 63–64. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White (New York: Norton, 2005), 113–141. U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Residential Vacancies and Homeownership, 2023. https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/ Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883); Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896); Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926). Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013); Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, 600 U.S. 181 (2023).
Black History Month Part 5: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: Reconstruction and the First Betrayal – Footnotes
Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 425–444. Foner’s documentation of Klan violence and the federal response — and withdrawal — is the definitive scholarly treatment. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/reconstruction-eric-foner Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008). Pulitzer Prize, History, 2009. The definitive documentation of convict leasing. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/190800/slavery-by-another-name-by-douglas-a-blackmon/ United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2022 — Statistical Tables (Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, 2023). Black Americans represent approximately 38% of the state and federal prison population. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2022-statistical-tables In the Public Interest, How Private Prison Companies Increase Recidivism (Washington: In the Public Interest, 2016). Documents private prison lobbying against sentencing reform. https://www.inthepublicinterest.org/wp-content/uploads/ITPI_Recidivism_ResearchBrief_Nov2016.pdf Sally E. Hadden, Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 9–14. Documents the 1704 South Carolina slave patrol as the first formalized policing institution in the American colonies. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013117 Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: Liveright, 2017). The most comprehensive documentation of federal housing discrimination policy. https://wwnorton.com/books/the-color-of-law/ Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Norton, 2005). Documents the racially discriminatory application of the GI Bill and New Deal programs. https://wwnorton.com/books/when-affirmative-action-was-white/ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Survey of Consumer Finances 2022 (Washington: Federal Reserve, 2023). Median white family wealth approximately $285,000; median Black family wealth approximately $44,900 — a ratio of approximately 6.3 to 1. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf23.pdf H.R. 40 — Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act. Introduced by Representative John Conyers in every session of Congress from 1989 to 2017. Never received a floor vote. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/40 Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 5 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 388–389. https://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/greeley.htm Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15, January 16, 1865. National Archives. The order was revoked by President Andrew Johnson in September 1865. https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm
Black History Month Part 4: We Were Never Less: The Defiant Ascent of Black America: The Bible and the Whip – Footnotes
Genesis 9:20–27 (KJV). The standard scholarly treatment of the Curse of Ham and its racial application is Stephen R. Haynes, Noah’s Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/noahs-curse-9780195142792 Ephesians 6:5 (KJV). See also Colossians 3:22 and 1 Peter 2:18. The use of these passages in proslavery theology is documented comprehensively in Larry R. Morrison, ‘The Religious Defense of American Slavery Before 1830,’ Journal of Religious Thought 37 (1980): 16–29. Charles Colcock Jones, A Catechism of Scripture Doctrine and Practice, for Families and Sabbath Schools (Savannah: John M. Cooper, 1837). Jones was one of the principal architects of the organized religious instruction of enslaved people in the antebellum South. His catechism is available through the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/06017325/ Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845), Appendix. Public domain. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23 Exodus 3:7–8 (KJV). The centrality of the Exodus narrative to Black American theological identity is documented in Eddie S. Glaude Jr., Exodus! Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). Kate Clifford Larson, Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero (New York: Ballantine Books, 2004), 87–99. Tubman’s use of Exodus imagery is documented throughout her recorded statements and in the accounts of people she led to freedom. Nat Turner, The Confessions of Nat Turner, as told to Thomas R. Gray (Baltimore: Lucas & Deaver, 1831). Turner’s account of his theological motivations is the primary document. Available through the Library of Virginia. https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/the-confessions-of-nat-turner-1831/ David Robertson, Denmark Vesey: The Buried History of America’s Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man Who Led It (New York: Knopf, 1999), 63–78. David Walker, Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (Boston: David Walker, 1829). Public domain. One of the most significant documents in African American political and theological history. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10071 C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), 7–12. https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-black-church-in-the-african-american-experience James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 4–32. Anderson documents the role of the Black church in establishing literacy and education in the post-bellum period. James H. Cone, Black Theology and Black Power (New York: Seabury Press, 1969); The Cross and the Lynching Tree (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011). Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The Invisible Institution in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978). The definitive scholarly study of Black religious life under slavery. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/slave-religion-9780195174908 John Lovell Jr., Black Song: The Forge and the Flame — The Story of How the Afro-American Spiritual Was Hammered Out (New York: Macmillan, 1972). The theological content and coded communication of the spirituals is documented throughout.
