What We Have, What We’ve Lost, and What We Must Build.
- Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act), Pub. L. No. 90-284, 82 Stat. 73 (1968). Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1968, seven days after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill had been stalled in Congress for two years. Its passage followed the urban uprisings of 1967 and 1968 in Newark, Detroit, and more than 100 other American cities. The Senate passed the bill on April 10, 1968. The House passed it on April 11. Johnson signed it the same day.
- National Fair Housing Alliance, 2024 Fair Housing Trends Report, Washington D.C.: NFHA, 2024. Between 1968 and 2024, the Fair Housing Act has produced more than 200,000 documented fair housing complaints, generated billions of dollars in settlements and damages, and been used to challenge and dismantle explicitly discriminatory practices in lending, real estate, rental, insurance, and zoning. The explicit forms of discrimination that were commonplace in 1968 — posted signs, written restrictive covenants, openly stated refusals — have been substantially eliminated from legal practice.
- U.S. Census Bureau, “Quarterly Residential Vacancies and Homeownership,” Q4 2024. Black homeownership rate: 44.7 percent. White homeownership rate: 73.8 percent. Gap: 29.1 percentage points. At the time of the Fair Housing Act’s passage in 1968, the Black homeownership rate was approximately 41.9 percent and the white rate was approximately 65.9 percent, producing a gap of approximately 24 percentage points. The gap has widened by approximately 5 percentage points in 58 years.
- Executive Order No. 14281: Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy, April 23, 2025; HUD proposed rule eliminating disparate impact regulation, January 2026; HUD staff reductions of approximately 50 percent, February–March 2025. The current administration’s actions represent the most comprehensive rollback of fair housing enforcement infrastructure since the Act’s passage.
- Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010). Between 1915 and 1970, approximately six million Black Americans migrated from the South to Northern and Western cities, building communities, businesses, and institutions under conditions of legal segregation, economic exclusion, and systematic violence. The accumulation of wealth, culture, and community infrastructure under those conditions represents the historical precedent for what determination without government protection can accomplish.
- Frazier, Eric Lawrence, MBA. The Power Is Now Media 2026 Fair Housing and Homeownership Series, Essays 1–10. Riverside, CA: The Power Is Now Media, 2026. This series represents the sixth consecutive year of fair housing programming produced by The Power Is Now Media, reaching homebuyers, housing professionals, real estate practitioners, and policymakers across the country through television, podcast, streaming platforms, and digital publication.
